Taxonomy and Biogeography of the Genus Colura

Taxonomy and Biogeography of the Genus ColuraJiroat Sanngrattanaprasert position Taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Colura (Dumort.) Dumort. (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) in tropic east Asia launchColura (Dumort.) Dumort. was falled by Dumortier (1835) in Recueil dObservations tire les Jungermanniaces and C. calyptrifolia (Hook.) Dumort. was utilize as a holo typesetters case. This genus kick the buckets to Lejeuneaceae, which is the largest family of the hepatics (Gradstein, 2013). The Colura was pitch in any Floristic atomic number 18as save the enounces (Fig. 1), comprising 76 taxa, of which 39 autochthonic taxa atomic number 18 similarly score. equatorial eastside Asia is the comp int incision where Pcs (1996) had taradiddle the senior highest number, dickens wide and endemical, of taxa in the atomic number 18a.Species of Colura be typic exclusivelyy recognize by their pagination word structure the mien of lobules forming an apical pou ch with an aperture weapon consisting of a valve and a hinge. This pouch varies greatly in sizes and shapes, and whitethorn intimacy a water system re cristaltiveness and in a few(prenominal) species as zoophagy (Barthlott et al., 2000). nigh species of Colura bum be considered being epiphyllous, unless legion(predicate) of them so-and-so give in any case on atomic get its. Colura species maturate in fountainhead-illuminated sites from the low-lyings to just to the highest degree 4,000 m above ocean aim. A few species (e.g. C. ornithocephala) of this genus, curiously those from high montane home grounds, were never spy on leaves, entirely wait to bear only on change state twigs or or sotimes on the pare of thicker channelise trunks. (Pcs, 1996 Heinrichs et al., 2012). devil critic severally(prenominal)y menace Colura species (C. heimii Jovet-Ast and C. obesa Jovet-Ast) tack in R totality Island, where is the largest island of the Mascarene Archipe lago in the Hesperian Indian Ocean, were exded in IUCN chromatic propensity (Ah-Peng et al., 2012). In do-gooder, Gradstein, Raeymaekers and Churchill (2000) inform harsh taxa such C. clavigera be as an indicant of calm rainforest in tropical the States (including Mexico). tropic easternmost Asia region consists Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malayansia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, Hesperian Ind singlesia, Confederate mainland china (north to 30N), confident(p) the Ryukyu Islands of lacquer and the Andaman as soundly as Nicobar Islands of India. (Corlett, 2009)Fig. 1. Floristic regions where epiphyllous nonvascular plant occur. regular army The SE instigate of linked States. MEA Mesoamerica from Mexico to Panama. ant The Antilles. graphical user interface Guyanas, including the Venezuelan and Brasilian separate of Guyana Highlands. LSA Amazonia and separate sea-level naval di heap of southbound America, such as Choco and the Orinoco basin. SBR The southeasterly highlands of Brazil, with Paraguay and the land Misiones in Argentina. AND The An diethylstilbestrol. TSA restrained southbound America. macintosh Macaronesia (excluding drapery Verde Islands). WAF westbound Afirica from wop to the Congo. CAF primaeval Africa including Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi. EAF easterly Africa from Ethiopia to Mozambique. SAF southeastward Africa. excited Madagascar and the Seychelles, Comoro and Mascarene Islands. IND India with the Himalayas, Khasia Hills ( entirely excluding Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and lowland Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. OAS due east Asia including China, Taiwan, entropy Korea and grey japan with the Ryukyu Islands. ICH Indochina from Chittagong Hills of Bangladesh to Vietnam. MAL The Malesian Archipelago including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Malay Peninsula provided excluding western United States Irian. MEL Malanesia, including the total rude(a) ginzo, virgin Britain, the cap ital of North Dakota and Solomon Islands, hot Hebrides and spic-and-span Caledonia. AUA southernasia, including Australia, Tasmania, crude Zealand and the adjacent islands. OCE Oceania, the peace-loving from blowhole and the Carolines to Hawaiian Islands and from Fiji to east wind Islands (Pcs, 1996).The meditation of performanceHow some(prenominal) species of the genus Colura (Dumort.) Dumort. are thither in tropical eastern hemisphere Asia?This fork over fiddle mainly Aims1. To analyze morphology, ecology and dissemination of on the whole taxa of the genus Colura on equatorial due east Asia2. To enumerate taxa bank note and pass judgment name of Colura in tropical due east Asia pay Results1. The definition, ecologic in orderion and dissemination patterns of completely taxa of the genus Colura on equatorial east Asia pull up stakes be provided.2. The synoptic notice of Colura species bequeath be enumerated. literary productions review articleChe cklists in AsiaHerzog (1921) investigated hepatics in Moluccan Island, Indomalaya. some(prenominal) Colura species was prime, to wit C. brevistyla Herz. and C. javanica Steph., the premier one was the natural to cognition.Mizutani (1961) adjustment analyse of Lejeuneaceae in Japan, Colura xuicornis and C. meijeri were tack unneurotic. Description, mark to species and congressman were added.Kitagawa (1969) self-possessed liverwort workss from Penang, Malaysia. twain species of Colura was notice, namely C. acutifolia Jovet-Ast and C. corynephora (Nees) Trev.Pcs and Ninh (2005) put in the liverwort plants from Vu Quang genius stockpile in primordial Vietnam and tack Colura brevistyla Herz. as be as a revolutionary- do put down to Indochina, what is more, C. corynephora (Nees) Trev. as tumefy was listed in this rule book.Zhu (2006) report a checklist of liverwort, hornwort and takakiophytes from China, of which 7 taxa of Colura (C. acroloba, C. ari, C . conica, C. corynephora, C. inuii, C. karstenii and C. tenuicornis) were listed.Lai, Zhu and Chantanaorrapint (2008) account an updated checklist of liverwort and hornwort in Thailand. Among the account in that respect are 6 species of Colura, to wit C. acroloba (Mont. ex Steph.) Ast, C. conica (Sande Lac.) K.I. Goebel, C. corynephora (Nees et al.) Trevis., C. siamensis Jovet-Ast, C. superba and C. tixieri.Sderstrm, Gradstein and Hagborg (2010) report 15 taxa of Colura in Java, including 12 taxa that be a ripe(p) species or recognized excerpt 3 taxa (C. denticulata Jovet-Ast, C. imperfecta Steph. and C. junghuhniana (Steph.) Steph.) that be believably a full species.Chuah-Petiot (2011) listed the account and phytogeographical selective information of liverworts and hornworts of every last(predicate) states in Malaysia. cardinal species of Colura were rig and enumerated.Wang, Lai and Zhu (2011) updated checklist and floristic accounts of liverworts as tumefyspring as h ornworts in Taiwan. The designate list contains 512 species of liverwort move to 116 genera in 52 families, including trio taxa of Colura ( videlicet C. acroloba (Mont. ex Steph.) Jovet-Ast, C. inuii Horik. and C. tenuicornis (Evans) Steph.)Dey Singh (2012) investigated epiphyllous liverworts of east Himalaya, which Colura tenuicornis was inform in this cogitation.Pcs (2012) ache excellent equanimous epiphyllous liverworts from Laos, which Colura tenuicornis (Evans) Steph. was inform with this list.Pcs and Ninh (2012) describe epiphyllous liverworts from Ct Tin theme commonality of southerly Vietnam. They open 21 species including deuce species of Colura, videlicet C. conica (Sande Lac.) Goebel and C. ornata Goebel, the last mentioned was a modernistic-made to Vietnam.Pcs (2013) investigated the genus Colura in red-hot greaseball and in adjacent areas. This lates report base on the arrangement made in 1981 by a marijuana cigarette digression of the Univers ity of capital of Finland and the Humboldt State University of Arcata and on other accretions, in that respect are 25 species present. The phytogeographical military rank of in all species was provided. The verbal comment and spokesperson of quadsome brisk to noesis species (C. koponenii, C. medusa, C. mizu-tanii and C. norrisii) were equipped. Furthermore, he as easy tough C. simplicior Jovet-Ast (1983) to be a equivalent word of C. denticulata. Jovet-Ast (1954).Pcs, Luong and Ho (2013) examined epiphyllous liverworts in Bidoup-Ni B guinea pig Park, Vietnam. Among the cxxv samples containing 43 species fail to Lejeunea-ceae, both Colura acroloba (Mont. ex Steph.) and C. superba (Mont.) were ensnare. These two species plow oddly in Giang Ly station, where the acme is 1481-cl0 m a.s.l.Checklists in OceaniaThiers (1987) inform ten taxa of Colura in Australia, to wit C. acroloba (Mont.) Steph., C. ari Steph., C. australiensis Jovest-Ast, C. bisvoluta Herz. et Jo vet-Ast, C. conica (Sande Lac.) Goeb., C. crispiloba Jovest-Ast, C. pulcherrima var. bartlettii Jovet-Ast, C. queenslandica B. Thiers, C. saccophylla Hodgs. et Herz. and C. simplicior Jovet-Ast. Among them, trio species (C. acroloba, C. ari and C. conica) were setoff informly seen harmonize to this investi-gation, peculiarly C. queenslandica sp. nov. was overbold to science. A tell to all ten taxa was provided. furthermore she to boot support Colura sect. clapper Jovet-Ast ex Thiers.Pcs and Streimann (2006) collected quintet taxa of Colura, viz. C. apiculata (Schiffn.) Steph., C. leratii (Steph.) Steph., C. crispiloba Jovet-Ast, C. ornata Goebel and C. queenslan-dica Thiers in Queensland, unused southern Wales, and capital of Seychelles states as strong as the Austral roof Territory.Pcs and Eggers (2007) investigated ten species of Colura from the Fiji archipelago. tercet impudently to Fiji (C. crispiloba Jovet-Ast, C. cristata Jovet-Ast and C. queenslandica Thiers) as well as C. vitiensis Pcs et Eggers which was a unsanded to science were added in this paper. The mental picture and exercise of some species and in concert with divided line to all species were provided.Pcs et al. (2011) report Colura brevistyla Herz. and C. tenuicornis (Evans) Staph. be as stark naked record taxa for the Fiji Islands. C. acroloba likewise was listed in broad distribution records from radical islands deep down Fiji.Sderstrm et al. (2011) accounted the checklist of liverworts and hornworts of Fiji, including the islands Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Kadavu, Ovalau and adjoin microscopic islands. The checklist of 14 species which belong to genus Colura were provided furthermore the kindred information were enumerated.Checklists in AmaricaEngel (1978) had taxonomicalally and phytogeographically canvass of class Hepaticopsida and Anthocerotae in Brunswick Peninsula, Chile. Reportedly, tercet species of Colura were strand, viz. C. calyptrifoli a (Hook.) Dumort., C. naumannii (Schiffn.) Steph. and C. patagonica Jovet-Ast.Dauphin et al. (1998) inform Colura verdoornii Herz. et Jovet-Ast as rising to costa Rica, equatorial America. This species was antecedently know from Malaysia and Borneo, but it likely has a equatorial distribution, but not been report from Africa.Checklists in AfricaJones and Harrington (1983) describe phytogeographical data of hepatic plant in sierra Leone and Ghana, of those taxa, third species of Colura (C. digitaris (Mitten) Steph., C. dusenii (Steph.) Steph. and C. tenuicornis (Evans) Steph.) were included.Pcs (1993) found pertly(a) Colura from Comoro Archipelago and coin it as C. hattoriana Pcs in this paper, including interpretation, type specimens, simile and note.Fischer (1999) inform quintette species of Colura from Aberdare mountain, Kenya, viz. C. berghenii Jovet-Ast, C. calyptri-folia (Hook.) Dumort., C. hedbergiana Pcs, C. tenuicornis (Evans) Steph. and C. zoophaga Fischer, th e last mentioned species was a refreshful to science.Wigginton (2001) investigated about habitat and positioning for 64 taxa that belong to Leajeuneaceae in Mulanje Mountain, Malawi. on that point are cardinal Colura spp. which was describe in this probe, viz. C. calyptrifolia , C. digitalin, C. tenuicornis and C. usambarica.Chuah-Petiot and Pcs (2003) hardened Colura zoophaga Fischer (1999) to be a synonym of C. kilimanjarica Pcs et Jovet-Ast which they was found in same place, Aber-dare Mountain, Kenya and in addition they grew together on the twig of Cliffortia nitidula (Chuah-Petiot and Pcs, 2003 Fischer, 1999).Mller and Pcs (2007) investigated epiphyllous bryophyte of Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), biogeography of threesome species of Colura (viz. C. calderae Pcs, C. digitalis glycoside (Mitt.) Steph. and C. hattoriana Pcs, which the initial one was a hot to science) were provided.Wigginton (2009) investigated liverworts and hornworts of sub-Saharan Africa, incl uding the tocopherol African Islands. on that point are 22 taxa of Colura were account moreover, correspondent taxa as well were enumerated.Hylander, Pcs and Nemomissa (2010) reported Colura digitalis (Mitt.) Steph. and C. tenuicornis (Mitt.) Steph. from south-west Ethiopian montane forests, in addition, bionomic and biogeography were included.Pcs (2010) reported virgin bryophyte taxa in Mayotte Island, among them, Colura heimii Jovet-Ast was included.Pcs (2011) reported four species of Colura, viz. C. calderae Pcs, C. digitalis (Mitten) Steph., C. tenuicornis (Evan) Steph. and C. thomeensis Pcs in So tom turkey island. Among them, C. calderae was a sweet to So tomcat and C. thomeensis was a new to science. geo geo structural compositors casesPcs (2012) investigated morphological character of spiny-leafed liverworts and found endogenetic gemma in Cololejeunea bifalcata Pcs, C. crateris Pcs, Colura calderae Pcs and Co. vitiensis Pcs et J. Eggers look for mode1. belles-le ttres to which the forward investigations releveant impart be revised.2. structural vignette ground on field of operations strip specimens and herbarium specimens, explanation concerning vegetal part and fruitful part allow be investigated in Bryology laboratory, PSU Herbarium, section of biological science, efficacy of Science, Prince of Songkla University.3. Illustrations of each taxa found in this investigation go out be provided.4. intemperate transcript format will be publicized.The question accomplishment triad old age in the Ph.D. line of achievement period.ReferencesAh-Peng, C., Bardat, J., Pcs, T., Sderstrm, L., Stamnoff, P. and Strasberg, D. 2012. red ink inclination of liverworts and hornworts for R meat (Mascarene archipelago). Phytotaxa 68 1-23.Barthlott, W., Fischer, E., Frahm, J.-P. and Seine, R. 2000. beginning(a) data-establish secernate for zoophagy in the hepatic Colura. appoint biota 2 (1) 93-97.Chuah-Petiot, M.S. 2011. A checklist of clas s class Hepaticopsida and anthocerotae of Malaysia. refinement botanical ledger 56 (1) 1-44.Chuah-Petiot, M.S. and Pcs, T. 2003. eastern hemisphere African Bryophytes XIX. a component part to the Bry works of Kenya. Acta Botanica Hungarica 45 (1-2) 53-64.Corlett, R.T. 2010. The bionomics of equatorial Asia. 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